Inerrancy and Infallibility

We cannot explain or resolve all parts of Scripture. However, to surmise that apparent conflicts in the Bible must be ‘errors’ is an arrogant and dangerous supposition. Too many people give up too easily—if it doesn’t make sense they aren’t willing to dig deeper. Or to trust. Bible

A few years ago I listened as wise, godly friends discussed the inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible. All of them are mature Christians. The issue was not the authority of Scripture for faith and practice. The issue was whether it is necessary and/or appropriate to include in our statement of faith that the Bible contains the ‘inerrant’ and ‘infallible’ word of God.

While I try not to get too personal with this blog, the most that I can contribute on this topic is personal. Specifically, the more I study, the more it all makes sense. Not just in a little way, but in one “Oh wow!” realization after another. Many (not all) passages that at one time confused me or caused me to wonder if the text was correct came into sharper focus with deeper study. This detailed-study-leads-to-edification process has happened so many times that my views on the inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible have strengthened considerably.

Just one example—I audited an apologetics course entitled Creation and the Bible by Reasons To Believe. Dr. Hugh Ross, an astrophysicist and the founder of Reasons To Believe states in his testimony that he became a Christian by reading the foundational books of the world’s religions and discarding them one by one based upon scientific errors apparent in their text. When he got to the Bible, however, he found 13 scientifically accurate statements about the creation of the universe in the first chapter of Genesis. If you take the time to dig, the details are amazing and dramatically support the case for ascribing inerrancy and infallibility to the Bible.

There’s no shortage of opinions on the accuracy of the Bible. Our post-modern culture promotes individual opinions and disharmony over conformity and agreement. Fine. Got it. No one wants to give a straightforward yes or no to the question of Biblical inerrancy, and actually that should be the case. What do you do with translation differences, poetry, allegorical statements, the use of Koine (slang) Greek, textual criticism, differing accounts of the same events by different authors, a lack of modern technical precision, observational descriptions of nature, the use of hyperbole and round numbers, variant selections of material in parallel accounts, and so on? It takes a fair amount of clarification before we can get to a yes or no response.

But the concepts behind these adjectives are extremely important, and there are those who have done a very good job building a case for unity on this topic. The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy is a document worthy of very careful reading. Before I read it, I had my own unfocused views on the subject. After reading it and thinking it through, I’m in. I support the Chicago Statement.

So back to the question of whether it is necessary or appropriate to include that the Bible is inerrant and infallible in our statement of faith. In its constitutional context, the Williamsburg Community Chapel’s statement of faith is reduced to eight points about which we believe so strongly that we would break fellowship with those who would disagree. In this context, personally I believe it is appropriate—but not necessary—to include these terms (see Article XIX of the Chicago Statement). In other words, would I break fellowship with someone who was struggling with the genealogies of Christ in Matthew versus Luke? No. Would I break fellowship with someone who insisted that the differences in these genealogies prove the errancy of the Bible? Absolutely. More importantly, do I believe that the Bible is the inerrant and infallible, inspired word of God? Yes.

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2015 Personal Discipleship - Week 8
Click on the images inside this file to link to the online resources. (You may need to adjust your browser settings to allow the links to work, or open it in iBooks, or save it to your desktop and open it with Acrobat Reader.)

HT: Dave Rudy


Responding to Textual Criticism

VilifyWhen someone confronts us in a particularly offensive manner or strikes at a deeply held conviction or belief, most of us have a natural inclination to fight back. Unfortunately, we have a tendency to let anger and emotions get the better of us.

Like it or not, we live in a world where there is little tolerance for people who think differently. From a purely cultural perspective, we are far less apt to listen and empathize than we are to attack and vilify. To win is to vanquish our enemies. Or is it?

“You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I tell you not to resist an evil person. But whoever slaps you on your right cheek, turn the other to him also. If anyone wants to sue you and take away your tunic, let him have your cloak also. And whoever compels you to go one mile, go with him two. Give to him who asks you, and from him who wants to borrow from you do not turn away. “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who spitefully use you and persecute you, that you may be sons of your Father in heaven; for He makes His sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. For if you love those who love you, what reward have you? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? And if you greet your brethren only, what do you do more than others? Do not even the tax collectors do so?”
Matthew 5:38-47, NKJV

In our Personal Discipleship class we have been studying contemporary challenges to the Christian faith. One of the more prominent challengers is Bart Ehrman, a popular skeptic who calls himself an agnostic, but who more accurately fits the mold of an angry, deconverted Christian. (Ehrman has a big beef with God over the problem of evil and suffering.) His books achieve best-seller status, and he is quoted by atheists and skeptics as an authority on the unreliability of the Bible. He is revered by friend and foe alike for his skill in textual criticism. His research is largely undisputed, but his premises and conclusions are highly biased. Nevertheless, he strikes a chord with those seeking to discredit the trustworthiness of the Bible.

While it’s very difficult for some to listen to abrasive skepticism, it is encouraging to see how rigorous scholarship can turn back the skeptic’s wrath. Well-articulated truth is a powerful antidote to skepticism, particularly when it follows the apologetic ethic of gentleness and respect. Here is a debate you can buy (sorry, there is no good quality video currently being served online) between Ehrman and Dan Wallace on the reliability of the text of the New Testament. It was at the time the largest debate ever held on the reliability of the New Testament text. (For some interesting background, see the video in this post.)

Wallace Ehrman Debate
Dan Wallace is amazing in this debate. He is honest, well-informed, learned, respectful, humorous, and makes a convincing case for the reliability of the New Testament text. His response to Bart Ehrman is a model of what Jesus preached in the Sermon on the Mount (quoted above). Wallace’s response is not angry—although he is deeply concerned about the effects of Bart Ehrman’s influence on our culture. Wallace has the proper response to textual skepticism. He doesn’t vilify Bart Ehrman—he doesn’t need to. It is amazing what we can do when we take the time to study the facts and respond in obedience, with an appreciation of the right ethics.

And finally, for those following our Personal Discipleship class or otherwise interested in Textual Criticism, here are the class notes.

Personal Discipleship Class-Week 7
Click on the images inside this file to link to the online resources. (You may need to adjust your browser settings to allow the links to work, or open it in iBooks, or save it to your desktop and open it with Acrobat Reader.)

HT: Daniel B. Wallace, Marion Paine


Tenacity: Mel Rosche

Melvin G. Rosche. February 27, 1921 to March 16, 2015. Photo: Brigette Weis

Melvin G. Rosche. February 27, 1921 to March 16, 2015. Photo: Brigette Weis

Several weeks ago, I lost my mother to cancer. One of the first people I talked to after my mother died was my former Young Life leader, Mel Rosche. At 94 years of age, Mel took my hand and prayed with me and cried with me. Mel Rosche was one of the most remarkable people I have ever known.

A farm boy growing up in rural Illinois, Mel Rosche went off to serve as a pilot in the Army Air Force during World War II. On a bombing mission out of Italy in December, 1944, Mel’s plane was shot down over Hungary. I remember as a high school kid sitting at Mel’s feet, enraptured as he told us about being picked up by some Hungarians out of a corn field in his parachute, when he pulled out a Sunday School picture of Jesus from his wallet, whereupon his captors realized that Mel was a Christian. Several months later, while on a train bound towards a German camp for prisoners of war, the train stopped so that the prisoners could see Werhner von Braun’s V-2 rockets being fired off, presumably against the British. Little did Mel know at that time that he would have the opportunity to work near von Braun at NASA in the 1960s in the development of the United States space program. Mel’s prisoner of war camp was eventually liberated by the Soviet army.

Mel came back to the States after the war to marry Ruth, his high school sweetheart. Mel and Ruth moved to Virginia with his degree in aeronautical engineering and served in NACA, which eventually became NASA, and raised two children along the way. Mel’s career was fascinating as he helped to lead a team of structural engineers in designing and testing spacecraft that could carry people back and forth to the moon. One of his most famous colleagues for a brief period was the indefatigable visionary Buckminster Fuller.

While living in northern Virginia, the Rosches met Scott Dimock, an area director for Young Life, a ministry whose mission is dedicated to reaching disinterested high school kids with the Good News of Jesus Christ. When Mel and Ruth moved to Williamsburg, near where Mel was working at NASA Langley Research Center, they met up with a former Young Life student, Bill Clark, then a young man attending the College of William and Mary in 1972. Following Clark’s leadership, they started the ministry of Young Life in the Williamsburg, Virginia area (currently led some 43 years later by area director Nathan Havasy).

When Bill Clark graduated from William and Mary in 1974, Mel had a bit of a crisis. What would become of the Young Life outreach to teenagers that they had started? Well, just as Martin Luther King Jr. had his “kitchen table” experience which led to his commitment to the civil rights movement, Mel Rosche had a “kitchen table” experience of his own. Mel’s experience might not have been as dramatic as King’s, but it still impacted a whole generation of people. As Mel sat and prayed, he got a clear sense that God had called him to be a missionary to teenagers. God gave Mel a love for high school kids.

Over the next few years, Mel took early retirement from government service so that he and Ruth could dedicate their lives to loving teenagers for Jesus Christ. Mel would invite kids to come over and play pool in the Rosche’s basement, and he would teach dozens of young people how to water ski off of his boat. Countless young people were impacted by this man and his determination to answer the call of God in his life.

By 1979, I had received dozens of invitations to attend a Young Life meeting in high school. I never showed any interest. But then one day, a friend of mine told me that there were good-looking girls at the Young Life club. So I went. Sure, there were some good-looking girls there. But I was really intrigued by this “old” guy with white hair. Here was this retired NASA engineer standing in front of a group of rowdy teenagers, trying to lead the group in singing some song terribly off-key.

Mel could not hit a note even if it was painted on the side of a barn. What was it that would possess this man to hang out with a bunch of rascally teenagers?

I kept coming to Young Life meetings, and I listened as Mel shared stories of Jesus from the Bible. Even though I had grown up in a church, I was filled with a lot of doubts and questions about the Christian faith. But within a few months, I continue to listen and learn, and I was drawn in.

I even got up on water skis myself.

Later when I was in college, I would come back to ask Mel more questions. I was going through a crisis of faith. Caught up in the academic rigor of a secular university, a number of well-intentioned Christian friends of mine had told me that I basically had to choose between the Bible and science, between following after Jesus and pursuing the life of the mind. One of the issues at stake was the Creation vs. Evolution controversy. After I poured out my anguish with Mel, I listened to his story of when he was about my age. Growing up in the post-Scopes Monkey Trial era in the 1930s, the question of evolution dominated Mel’s mind. As Mel put it, “I got so tired of thinking about it, I asked God, my junior year [in high school] to free me from it. He did and still has. When I saw that He had answered my prayer, I asked Jesus Christ to be my Savior.

Mel’s answer impressed me so much. It was not theologically sophisticated, but it was genuine, honest and simple. For Mel, there was no conflict between accepting the findings of modern science and accepting the Biblical testimony about the Risen Jesus. Mel was determined not to let anything stand in the way between him and his love for God.

Mel eventually left Young Life staff in the mid-1980’s, training my dear friend, Charly Franks, to take over the leadership of the local ministry. But when Charly left Williamsburg, Mel stayed on Young Life committee and mentored me when I was the local ministry staff.

Soon, Mel’s life changed dramatically when he began to have difficulties standing. Not too long after that, his partner for many, many years, Ruth, died, and Mel suffered more health difficulties. Mel had been beat up pretty bad by all of these trials in his life.

But this did not stop Mel. His passion for young people found a new expression through the ministry of Heart for Orphans, an outreach in Ukraine with a mission to provide small, family-style transition homes to teens who have graduated from orphanages.

As Mel entered the last decade of his life, he was beset with continued health problems. But Mel’s attitude was incredibly inspiring. He would always say that he “never felt better.” He was a blessing and shared this blessing with everyone around him. At the retirement community where he lived, to date he is the only person to have been sent into “skilled nursing” care, only to return back to assisted living… not simply once, but twice!

That is why I can say that the best word to describe Mel is tenacity. Once Mel got a grip on something, he could never let go, whether it was a joyful passion for teenagers, his love for his children and grandchildren, or even his health. After every setback, he would always bounce back. But most importantly, Mel had an incredibly tenacious grip on the grace of God.

Whether or not I ever live to be 94 years old, I want to be just like Mel Rosche.


Andreas Köstenberger at the College of William and Mary

Andreas Köestenberger. Friday, March 20, 2015. College of William and Mary. Millington 150. Sponsored by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship.

Andreas Köstenberger. Friday, March 20, 2015. College of William and Mary. Millington 150. 7pm. Sponsored by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship.

Does truth really matter? Is the New Testament really reliable, and can I have confidence in what it teaches? The New Testament is under attack, and many people today find it difficult to accept the trustworthiness of the Scriptures. Furthermore, many Christians find themselves unable to defend their faith against this form of skepticism.

Andreas Köstenberger, Senior Research Professor of New Testament and Biblical Theology at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina, will be speaking at the College of William and Mary InterVarsity Christian Fellowship large group meeting, Friday, March 20, 2015, at 7:00 pm. Köstenberger is co-author of a recent book highlighted earlier here on Veracity along with Darrell Bock, Truth Matters: Confident Truth in a Confusing World.  Köstenberger lectures on college campuses addressing issues related to the criticism of the New Testament and the nature of Christian marriage. For people living in the greater Williamsburg, Virginia area, Köstenberger’s talk promises to provoke a wide-ranging discussion of issues that many people, believer and skeptic, struggle with in today’s world. If you wrestle with these type of questions, please come and engage in the conversation.

College of William and Mary:  Millington 150

(Directions to Millington Hall available here)

See you Friday night!!


Eulogy for My Mother

Anne Jackson Morledge (November 6, 1928 - February 24, 2015)

Anne Jackson Morledge (November 6, 1928 – February 24, 2015)

My mom died a few weeks ago.

Anne Jackson Morledge was 86 years old, without a doubt the most influential person in my life. Humanly speaking, she was my anchor.

She had been diagnosed with a brain tumor resulting from a stage IV glioblastoma cancer. The tumor was surgically removed, but the surgeon carefully warned us that there was a 100% chance of recurrence. In the weeks after the surgery, I devoured Siddartha Mukherjee’s The Emperor of All Maladies in an attempt to understand this dreadful disease of cancer. Living only twenty minutes from the nursing facility where my mom was, I visited her almost every other day. We had many in-depth conversations as she progressively declined. The wonderful gift provided by the surgery is that it gave time for family and friends to come visit my mom and say good-bye. In the end, she died peacefully in her sleep, with the immediate cause being complications due to pneumonia.

My mother lived a wonderful life, and she was a tremendous blessing to many.

A number of family and friends have requested that I send them the text of the remembrance I gave yesterday at her memorial service. My remarks were framed within the Episcopal Rite II liturgy for the burial of the dead, part of Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer, a powerful testimony to the Christian hope. My Veracity co-blogger, John Paine, convinced me that I should publish it here on the blog, commenting that the tensions I highlighted were refreshingly honest:
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