Tag Archives: deconstruction

What If Todd Phillips, “The Deconstructed Pastor,” Were To Have Ever Met Wendell Berry’s Jayber Crow?

Earlier in 2026, a former evangelical megachurch preacher started making videos on TikTok and YouTube.  Dr. Todd Phillips, who runs “The Deconstructed Pastor” channel, had served as a bible teacher for over twenty years in high profile megachurches, such as McLean Bible Church in Northern Virginia and Lake Pointe Church in Dallas, Texas. Today, Todd runs social media platforms aimed at helping people walk through the process of spiritual deconstruction.

As Todd might put it, in a period of thirty or so years, he went from preaching about a “perfect God” with a “perfect Bible” to now saying that he no longer believes in the Christian “God.”  Yikes! When a high-profile preacher like Todd Phillips does a theological backflip like this, it raises a number of questions.

 

On the Felt Need To “Be Certain”

Going through a period of “deconstruction” does not always lead to the type of “deconversion” from Christianity which Todd Phillips experienced. Nearly every Christian has experiences of hitting spiritual roadblocks in their Christian journey, when pat answers to difficult questions no longer work. But the particular type of faith crisis Todd Phillips went through begins to make sense once you take a closer look.

After having grown up in no more than a nominal Christian environment, Todd had a dramatic conversion experience in his mid-20s, before eventually getting involved in Christian ministry in the Austin, Texas area. Over the next several decades, Todd preached in some of the largest churches in North America, picking up advanced seminary degrees from Southwestern Baptist Seminary, Dallas Theological Seminary, and Princeton Theological Seminary along the way. Todd eventually stepped down from fulltime preaching to lead a Christian nonprofit mission project to provide clean water and the Christian Gospel in Liberia, Africa.

It was during his time working in Liberia that some of the faith questions he started to ponder years earlier while in seminary began to eat away at him. But now he had the time to think, without having the pressure to preach and always “be certain” in front of crowds of people.

The Faith Deconstruction of Wendell Berry’s Jayber Crow: A Comparison to Todd Phillips

Not too long after I became aware of Todd Phillips, I started to listen to the audiobook version of Jayber Crow, a novel written by the late Wendell Berry.  I confess that I had known about Wendell Berry for years, but I never took the time to read anything written by him, except for a few of his essays. After his recent death in the summer of 2026, I finally decided to dive into one of Berry’s classic novels.

So, who was Wendell Berry? Wendell Berry was one of those iconoclastic Christian authors who has had an enthusiastic following in some Christian circles, while largely ignored in other Christian circles. Some even despise him.

As a farmer in rural Kentucky, Berry was an opponent of the contemporary trend of technological globalization, and our highly mobile society. Instead, Berry promoted this concept of “rootedness,” believing that putting down roots in a rural community, close to the earth and nature, gives us a better sense of what it means to be fully human, living in community with others. Berry lived this out, particularly in that he wrote all of his novels on an old 1956 Royal typewriter. Berry famously wrote an essay in 1987 entitled “Why I Am Not Going to Buy A Computer.”

To my knowledge, Wendell Berry kept that promise his whole life, unlike me, who has had almost a life-long career as an Information Technology specialist. If you do not like the Internet, you can pretty much blame people like me. If Berry was still alive, he might be tempted to help pick up stones for you to throw at me (Ha! Ha!)…. Well, Wendell Berry might have harbored the thought. But he was a pacifist.

In Jayber Crow, Wendell Berry uses the voice of the narrator to decry the slow yet relentless destruction of rural life in the face of overwhelming globalism. The Interstate highway system tore away at close family connections, harming the environment by flattening forests and leveling mountains and hills that stood in its way. The automobile became a symbol of recklessness and rebellion. The industrialization of agriculture had left the family farm as a forgotten memory. Reading Berry is almost like a seeing the world through an early 20th century version of Amish eyes. Yet the tone of Berry’s novel is generally not one of anger (though Berry gives some voice to anger at times). Rather, it is a sigh of grief, reflecting on a sense of loss of that which is humanizing.

Jayber Crow, a story about a bachelor who settled in a small Kentucky town, Port William, and worked for decades as the town barber, is in some respects autobiographical, with some differences, of course. Berry writes through the lens of this aged fictional character, Jayber Crow, who looks back on his long life, in the year 1986.

Jayber had grown up orphaned, when his parents had died young, eventually attending a school where he got inspired to go to seminary, Pigeonville College. However, after some time in school, Jayber began to have doubts about his faith as a young seminary student.

Jayber goes to visit one of the most respected professors at his school, Dr. Admire, where he fires away at his professor a whole list of his questions. Many of these same questions sound like they come straight out of Todd Phillips’ deconstruction videos. After Jayber dumped the truck, so to speak, with all of his questions, Dr. Admire responds with, “Do you have any answers?” Jayber responds that he had no answers, but he did not feel he could preach without them. In his sense of confusion, Jayber told his professor that he also had a feeling he was “called.” What was Jayber to do without the answers he needed?

Was Jayber really being “called” to Christian ministry as he thought? Dr. Admire tells him the truth:

“And you might have been right. But not to what you thought. Not to what you think. You have been given questions to which you cannot be given answers. You will have to live them out–perhaps a little at a time.”

“And how long is that going to take?”

“I don’t know. As long as you live, perhaps.”

“That could be a long time.”

“I will tell you a further mystery. It may take longer” (Jayber Crow, p. 54).

Jayber Crow then leaves seminary, going off to live in Lexington, Kentucky. He was trying to find his way, but got disillusioned with city life. He wandered aimlessly for a time, before finally settling down in this small town, Port William. Jayber had developed a crush on a young woman from his childhood, yet this woman had married another man who epitomized everything Jayber grew to hate.

Jayber grew to despise those things that tear at a sense of rootedness. He gave away a car that he once acquired, and felt a sense of sadness when the government came in to build the Interstate highway system, putting certain businesses in Port William out of business. He became the town’s grave digger, witnessing the deaths of his fellow Port William neighbors. He became the janitor at a local church. Over time, Jayber’s faith was eventually restored, but it had moved on from this need to “be certain” all of the time.

Jayber Crow’s author, Wendell Berry, was a lot like Jayber Crow. But despite being disillusioned by some of the Christianity on display around him, Berry worked through his doubts through his 1956 Royal typewriter, coming out on the other side with a more resilient faith.  I am not big fan of fiction, preferring non-fiction like books on history instead. But Jayber Crow provided a nice break for me from my typical audio listening diet.

 

Jayber Crow, a novel by the late Wendell Berry, chronicles the life of a Kentucky rural town barber, who experiences a crisis of faith before laying down roots and slowly returning to his faith over a long lived life.

 

Todd Phillips’ Quest for Certainty

Unlike Jayber Crow, I get the sense from listening to and watching Todd Phillips’ videos that Todd’s felt need to “be certain” kept him feeling imprisoned all the way from his dramatic conversion in his mid-20’s, through his time in a public preaching ministry in megachurches, until he finally had an opportunity to stop and wrestle with his questions, when he was involved in his mission project in Liberia. Todd Phillips never had the space to work through his doubts as a young man, like Jayber Crow did. Instead, Todd Phillips’ “coming of age,” as he might put it, came much later.

There is one aspect of Todd Phillips’ life as a megachurch pastor which eerily demonstrates this need to “be certain,” and the problems this poses. During his career as a young pastor,  Todd Phillips got connected with a guy named Bob Cornuke. Cornuke has been like a successor to Ron Wyatt, a self-styled “biblical archaeologist.”

Ron Wyatt, who died some 25 years ago, promoted himself as an archaeologist who supposedly discovered chariot wheels at the bottom of the Red Sea, demonstrating “proof” of where Moses crossed the Red Sea to get into the Sinai wilderness. Both Wyatt and later Bob Cornuke have come across as “Indiana Jones” type figures, criss-crossing the globe in search of biblical artifacts, and appearing before various church congregations to tell their tales of adventures, promoting their brand of Christian apologetics.

However, anyone who has actually any familiarity with how archaeology is done today will recognize that while the character of  “Indiana Jones” makes for great movies, this does not accurately reflect the world of modern archaeology. Even groups like Ken Ham’s Answers in Genesis, an Young Earth Creationist apologetics ministry, have publicly come out to criticize some of the fantastic claims made by people like Ron Wyatt, such as Wyatt’s supposed discovery of where the Ark of the Covenant is.

According to Wyatt, the Ark of the Covenant is located underneath layers of rock beneath where the cross of Christ was erected, where Jesus died, somewhere near Jerusalem. In at least one version of the story, Wyatt contended that the blood of Jesus is still dripping to this day on top of the Ark of the Covenant buried below. Wyatt also claimed that angels prevented him from removing any of these artifacts.

Now, as I am a Christian, I have no problem with the concept of the supernatural. After all, Christians of all stripes believe that Jesus actually physically rose from the dead, which at its foundation is a miraculous claim. But Wyatt’s story sounds just too crazy to believe. Sure enough, with rather fantastic claims like this, no evidence has ever been found to corroborate the claims made by Wyatt…. not even the supposed chariot wheels of Pharoah.

After Ron Wyatt died, Bob Cornuke has followed pretty much the same type of “Indiana Jones” pattern of Ron Wyatt, but perhaps not to the same extreme.  While Bob Cornuke might be best characterized as an amateur archaeology enthusiast, he lacks any serious academic training in the discipline. Again, Answers in Genesis has publicly pointed out problems with Cornuke’s thesis of late that the current Temple Mount in Jerusalem is in the wrong location for the Jerusalem Temple. Nevertheless, Cornuke’s celebrity reputation was enhanced by endorsements and funding from Jim Erwin, an Apollo 15 astronaut.

The fact that Todd Phillips traveled around with Bob Cornuke in search of Noah’s Ark in an effort to “be certain” about claims in the Bible makes me wonder why such an intelligent man like Todd Phillips would bother hanging out with Bob Cornuke in his various globe-trotting adventures.  While Todd was a “true believer” following this evangelical “Indiana Jones,” he has since changed his tune dramatically. As Todd himself describes it:

“[Bob Cornuke and I] went to Iran. We were there for nearly three weeks. We were on mountainsides. We were on Mount Sabalon. [Bob] didn’t believe Mount Ararat was the actual place of Noah’s Ark. It was the mountains of Ararat, plural. He took the Bible literally, and therefore it was in a different place. It was in Jebel Mosa, which was another mountaintop in Iran. So we flew into Tehran. We spent almost three weeks in Iran looking for Noah’s Ark…..

[Bob and] I went on the Exodus route, the traditional exodus route. And he actually was over in Saudi Arabia looking at where he thought the real Mount Sinai was. He looked for the shipwreck of Paul. I mean, I was in it. There are three books. He has a trilogy of books on his search for Noah’s Ark. Oh, and then we went to Ethiopia. We were in Ethiopia for three weeks. Went to. Just on the Eritrean border looking for the Ark of The Covenant went all over the world looking for all these relics….

Yeah, man. Loved the trips. They were great. And I really. I believed it. All right, so I was on a mission.”

Sure, I have an interest in these subject matters, and I love to travel to exotic places, too. I have no problem believing in the Exodus story, and no problem believing that the Apostle Paul survived a shipwreck. However, one can take the Todd Phillips quest to “be certain” like this to an extreme. A desire for having confidence in one’s faith is one thing, but to spend money on trips like this, that go outside of the parameters of how modern archaeology is practiced in the real world, just seems a bit kooky. It makes for great television but rarely passes for academic rigor.

Pulling  at the Loose Strands on a Faith Sweater

Nevertheless, having wrestled with the type of questions Todd Phillips has wrestled with, and watching close friends go through the same, I have a lot of empathy for where Todd is at, even though I am not at the same place Todd is right now. I have Christian friends of mine who have attended McLean Bible in Northern Virginia, and I know of a handful who have served on staff there, so Todd’s videos hit fairly close to home (I know very little about Lake Pointe Church, in Dallas, Texas).

There are a number of “deconstruction” or “deconversion” videos on the Internet, but part of the appeal of Todd’s message is his confident ability to communicate well. If there is one skill that anyone can develop as a megachurch pastor, it is the ability to stand in front of a camera and a microphone and speak in a winsome and attractive way, with the air of competency.

There are several things I have learned from listening to Todd speak now as an atheist. A number of evangelical churches tend to encourage a culture where everyone must have a high degree of certainty about their faith, leaving little room to doubt and ask honest questions. Framed in a particular way, this is understandable, as many evangelical churches, particularly the “non-denominational” or “interdenominational” varieties, have developed as a response to the kind of “progressive Christianity” that has been propagated by the sadly dying mainline liberal Protestant tradition, which was once the Christian establishment in America. I personally do not see much of any future for “Liberal Christianity.”

Evangelicalism is surely not immune to the “cancer” of “progressive Christianity,” so one can see why the quest for certainty in evangelicalism tends to sideline those who struggle with the types of questions and issues Todd brings up in his videos. But an emphasis on “certainty” at all costs can backfire, precipitating the kind of loss of faith in God which Todd experienced.

In other words, you do not need to go to a “liberal church” or a “progressive seminary” to see your faith crumble away. Todd Phillips had some exposure to “progressive Christianity” along the way, but his crisis of faith happened while preaching for a few decades in some of the largest conservative evangelical mega-churches in the country. Attending a “Bible-believing” church does not make you immune from asking serious questions about your faith.

Deconstruction Does Not Always Lead to Deconversion: But Why Does Deconstruction Happen in the First Place?

Todd Phillips offers a good example that megachurch Christianity is not always what it is cracked up to be. Known for worship services which are often nothing more than a rock concert followed by a TED talk, with a tinge of too much politics from the pulpit, this brand of evangelicalism sometimes leaves the worshipper starved for a deeper spirituality (sometimes more than a “tinge,” to be honest!).

This is where Protestant evangelicals have something to learn from Christians in other traditions, such as Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, or even neglected aspects of other Protestant traditions, which have a more profound emphasis on liturgy and a broader appreciation of church history.  Such traditions  place a lesser focus on the sermon as the highlight of the worship service, instead focusing more on the mystery of the Lord’s Supper, and other practices of sacramental life.

Not everyone wrestles with this quest for certainty. For one thing, not everyone has the bandwidth to handle tough questions about faith during difficult periods in their life. A lot of people are just plain too busy with raising kids, putting food on the table, making ends meet, etc. Asking deep philosophical questions about the existence of God is not something on everybody’s radar.

The challenge comes when tragedy strikes, or you experience strife in one or more key relationships.  But even then, if someone is wrestling with difficulties in their marriage (for married people), or why they can not find a spouse (for single people), or what to do with unwanted same-sex attraction, or they are dealing with a health crisis, or over the long term, chronically ill health, or otherwise hard transitions, like losing a job or losing a close relationship, the last thing someone would typically want to think about are the differences between the Hebrew Masoretic text and the Greek Septuagint, and its impact on Bible translation (Okay. I get it. I confess to being a Bible nerd).

In those situations, it becomes more vitally important to hold onto your faith to get you through the crisis you are facing.  It is typically only when you enter a period of relative calm later on when (and if !!) you can think back on questions of faith, which only then might precipitate a deconstruction trajectory.

True, there are cases of deconstruction which are not triggered by purely intellectual, theological doubts about the faith. Sometimes people will use their theological doubts as a cover for hiding a pattern of on-going unrepentant sin in their lives. I have known plenty of people like that. Their primary issue is not theological. Instead, their issue is indeed moral and spiritual.

But not every case of deconstruction is motivated by moral rebellion. Sometimes genuine questions prompted by doubt can enter a person’s mind, but they simply have no one to talk with in their Christian circle, whether it be in their local church or other Christian friends group. How many people face difficult personal questions in their lives, and yet such people find it hard to trust another believer in their Christian circle with whom they could express their genuine doubts?

I recently had a conversation with a couple in our church, whose son went to a prominent seminary for a year. But by the end of that year, not only did their son lose their enthusiasm for going into Christian ministry, he completely walked away from his faith.  I kept thinking to myself, did their son grow up in a local church environment which might have prepared him to face some of the issues he would encounter in seminary?

Frankly, I do doubt that (Pun intended!!)

I do have a hypothesis that might explain how someone like Todd Phillips can move from being a megachurch pastor to becoming a deconstructed pastor.  One of the negative consequences of celebrity culture in the megachurch world is that it is altogether too easy to uncritically trust someone standing at a pulpit with a confident speaking skill. One can then imbibe certain significant ideas, taking them to be synonymous with “Gospel truth,” only to realize years down the road that what they learned was misleading at best, or in some cases, a pure lie, at worst. Once someone hits upon a lie or half-truth like this, it can encourage that person to begin to wonder what else they might be believing that could be terribly, terribly wrong. Like pulling a loose thread in a knit sweater, one’s faith begins to unravel the more you tug at it.

“A Perfect God” and “A Perfect Bible”

For example, take Todd Phillips’ former belief in a “perfect God” which necessarily requires a “perfect Bible.”  Here Todd is talking about the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, a staple of conservative evangelical Christian belief. For years, I have wrestled with the doctrine of inerrancy. Having grown up in a liberal Protestant mainline church myself, I had never heard of “biblical inerrancy” before I got involved in more conservative, evangelical churches while in my college years.

I surely got the logic behind it. After all, in the evangelical Protestant tradition, it is all about finding certain truth in Scripture, and Scripture alone. But what does one do with things like the problem of divine violence, particularly in the Old Testament, and the differences we find even in our four Gospels? Todd Phillips eventually concluded that he had to give up on that “perfect God” with a “perfect Bible” message he promoted for well over a decade as a megachurch pastor.

I have taken a different path from Todd’s. Along the way, I have learned several things in my exploration of “biblical inerrancy” that have helped me to retain a more nuanced and robust understanding of inerrancy. First, it is important to make the distinction between having confidence in the Bible as being inerrant with having confidence in a correct interpretation of Scripture. The two are not necessarily connected. One can hold to a view of inerrancy and still misinterpret an important message in the Bible.

For example, the Jehovah’s Witnesses uphold the inerrancy of the Bible, but they also have some peculiar interpretations of that Bible. If a Jehovah’s Witness denies getting a blood transfusion, which could save their life in a medical emergency, because they have been taught that the Bible teaches against getting a blood transfusion, the problem is not the inerrancy of the Bible but rather the errancy of a bad interpretation of that Bible. When the singer/songwriter Prince died about ten years ago after an accidental fentanyl overdose, his life could have been saved if he had a blood transfusion. But because Prince was a member of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, he was not able to obtain a life-saving blood transfusion. Belief in the inerrancy of the Bible is not enough to prevent a bad interpretation of the Bible having deadly consequences.

Secondly, close to a decade ago, I read a remarkable book entitled Five Views of Biblical Inerrancy. For years, I had been taught that there is just one view of biblical inerrancy, so it was enlightening to realize that different scholars of the Bible could define inerrancy in different ways, and still uphold their confidence in the inerrancy of Scripture (see my review on Veracity).

Towards a More Robust, Modest View of Inerrancy

Thirdly, in reading Michael Licona’s Jesus Contradicted, (my favorite book I reviewed in 2024), where a New Testament scholar takes a look at the differences we find in the Gospels, I learned that not every Christian in church history has embraced the method of harmonization of the Gospels championed by the great bishop of Hippo in the late 4th and early 5th centuries, Saint Augustine. Today, Todd Phillips looks at the discrepancies in the Gospels as contradictions which cannot be avoided, after being disillusioned by Augustinian harmonization techniques.

Augustine’s typical method, which is so common in evangelical circles today, was to say that if two different Gospels record the same event happening at two different times, then this meant that the event was repeated, even if no single Gospel tells you this. For example, John’s Gospel has the temple cleansing happening at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry. The other three Gospels record the temple cleansing as happening during the last week of Jesus’ life. In his Harmony of the Gospels, Augustine then reasoned that there were two temple cleansings total, one at the beginning of Jesus’ public ministry (John) and another one at the end of Jesus’ ministry (Matthew, Mark, Luke).

Earlier than Augustine, Origen of Alexandria, in the early 3rd century, believed that if you spotted a discrepancy within the gospels, that this might be a sign not to focus on trying to harmonize the text, but rather, to look for a deeper, spiritual meaning which the text seeks to convey.  Despite some controversy about some of Origen’s other theological views, Origen was the first Christian to produce a lengthy systematic theology for the Christian faith. Furthermore, as Licona has shown, not even Augustine believed that harmonization of gospels was the best thing to try to do in every and all cases.

For example, while Jesus could have preached the same sermon on several occasions, as with Matthew’s “sermon on the mount” and Luke’s “sermon on the plain,” this need not require us to say that Jesus was baptized on multiple occasions simply because the different gospels writers record the words spoken by the heavenly voice differently.  Even Augustine, the great champion of gospel harmonization, knew that both Mark 1:11 and Luke 3:22 have the heavenly voice addressing Jesus directly: “You are my beloved Son…,” whereas Matthew 3:17 has the voice addressing the crowd “This is my beloved Son…”

Discrepancies in the accounts of Jesus’ baptism have been fodder for much speculation over the centuries. In a most “non-Augustinian” fashion, Augustine admitted that only in one version do we have an accurate transcript of what is said historically, which Augustine believed was preserved by Mark and Luke.  Matthew on the other hand indicates the true purpose and message of the voice, which Matthew wanted to impress upon his readers. While the exacting wording between the different Gospel accounts are not identical, the basic message is the same:  Jesus is God’s Beloved Son.

Even when one looks at the timing of the temple cleansing(s) according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Augustine recognized that Matthew and Luke actually record the temple cleansing happening on the same day as the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday), whereas Mark records it happening the following day. But Augustine does not suggest yet a third, different temple cleansing to account for the chronological discrepancies. Instead, Augustine believed that Mark intentionally relocated the timing of the temple cleansing in order to highlight the narrative of the fig tree cursing and withering over a two-day period.

In other words, even Augustine admitted that not everything we read in the Gospels is meant to articulate chronologically-accurate technical details about “what happened.”  Rather, there are moments in the Gospels which try to summarize the theological importance of what happened in history, without getting needlessly bogged down in the minutia of technical precision.

Origen’s more flexible reading of the gospels finds some resonance with what Augustine concluded about the Gospel stories of the baptism of Jesus, as well as Mark’s flexibility in recording the temple cleansing…. and no one can doubt that Augustine held to biblical inerrancy.

Were Jesus and Paul Preaching a Different Message?

In some of his video interviews, Todd Phillips continued to lose his confidence in having a “perfect Bible”  when he realized in his mind that Jesus and Paul preached different messages.  According to Todd, Jesus was an upholder of the Jewish law, as he came not to abolish the Law of Moses, but rather to fulfill it. For Paul, he taught that Christ was the end of the Law of Moses, as he preached that the Gentiles no longer needed to become Jewish in order to become members of the people of God. For Todd, this contradiction between Jesus and Paul destroys the univocality of Scripture, and hence undermines the inerrancy of the Bible.

Several things need to be said in response here. First, simply because the message of Jesus differs in a certain way from what Paul’s message was does not necessarily imply a contradiction. One can still recognize the overall univocality of Scripture, because the one God of Christianity inspired the Bible, while still acknowledging that different authors and actors in the Bible can act and say different things, which all contribute to the larger story.

For example, 1st and 2nd Chronicles cover much of the same historical time period as Samuel and Kings, but they describe the events through different theological lenses. In Chronicles, King David has very few (if any) faults, whereas in the Samuel and Kings books, David’s flaws are on full display. But these different approaches to Old Testament history do not inherently conflict with a more robust view of biblical inerrancy.

Secondly, it is important to consider the context of the different audiences Jesus and Paul were trying to address. While Jesus did have some interaction with Gentiles, his primary audience was covenant-minded Jews living in first-century Palestine/Israel. Jesus explicitly tells us that his earthly ministry is directed towards the “lost sheep of Israel” (Matthew 15:24), so it only makes sense that a covenant-minded Jew would speak convincingly to a covenant-minded Jewish audience (See my review of Matthew Thiessen’s Jesus and the Forces of Death, which goes into this in some detail).

The story changes after the resurrection of Jesus and his ascension. Now that Jesus has completed his earthly mission, Paul then becomes one of the prime characters in the story of the New Testament moving forward.  On the road to Damascus, Paul enters the period where he receives his commission by the Risen Jesus to be the “apostle to the Gentiles,” taking the message of Jesus to a new audience. This is progressive revelation at work, a principle we see on display throughout the multi-century history of the Bible, where new revelation supersedes and expands the message previously given up to that point.  Paul is at pains to say that by lowering the bar of entry to the people of God, for the Gentiles, that this was God’s purpose all along, whereby the Jews would bring the Messiah into the world, so that good news could be announced to all of the nations.

A Christian Faith Without Having All of the Answers

I could go on in addressing some more of the questions that effectively derailed Todd Phillips’ faith.  I still wrestle some of them myself.

However, what really bothers me is a lot of the bad answers that continue to be promoted in response to some of Todd’s questions. Sometimes these bad answers are made in good faith, with the best of intentions, unaware that these answers are really that bad. I know, as I have passed on such bad answers before to others, not realizing just how bad these answers were. There are a lot of “Christian Urban Legends” out there, and sadly I have heard some of these voiced from different evangelical pulpits.

For example, it does not serve people well when Christians repeat stories such as the idea that 11 of the original 12 apostles all died as martyrs. While there is indeed some good evidence that at least some of the original apostles died as martyrs, the claim that “all but the Apostle John died as martyrs” is simply overstating the evidence, a point which Todd Phillips rightly points out, even if Todd is more pessimistic about the fate of the apostles than I am.

Christians should stop overstating apologetic arguments like these. They do more harm than good. Can we please stop being so quick to share Ron Wyatt and Bob Cornuke videos to our non-believing friends?

However,  I eventually must come back to that Wendell Berry novel, Jayber Crow. What if Todd Phillips had gone through a time of wrestling at a much earlier place in his Christian journey, not unlike what Jayber Crow experienced?  Would Todd Phillips have still ended up becoming the “Deconstructed Pastor?” I do wonder about that.

Thankfully, there are thoughtful Christians who wrestle with the type of hard questions Todd Phillips has faced. But in some church environments, finding someone who you might trust to begin to have such conversations can often be rather difficult.

There is no doubt that the rise of deconstruction stories, like that of Dr. Todd Phillips, has increased in the age of the Internet, fueled by easy access to social media.  Even fifteen years ago, I was arguing that any sermon preached today from any pulpit could be fact-checked in just a couple of minutes, from an easy reach of a cell phone.  Now, with the advent of artificial intelligence, the lag time between a preached sermon and such fact-checking can happen in just a matter of seconds. Who knows where we will be fifteen years from now!!

Even Wendell Berry’s Jayber Crow character made some popular wrong assumptions about the Bible. At one instance in Jayber Crow, Jayber says he doubts what the Gospel of Matthew says (Matthew 24:36-44 ) about two women grinding at the mill, where one is “snatched away” and the other is “left behind.” Apparently, Jayber Crow had been taught that Christians should have hope for those who are “snatched away,” and have prayerful concern for those “left behind” to face God’s judgment. As a contrarian doubter, Jayber Crow had more sympathy for the “left behind” ones that the “snatched away” ones.

Christians of good-faith indeed have different views about the “Rapture,” but whatever one thinks about that, it would be mistaken to believe that the ones “snatched away” in Matthew’s passage were the believers, whereas the ones “left behind” were the unlucky ones. Truth be told, as I wrote about several years ago, the story that Matthew tells here is about the exact opposite. Just as in the days of Noah, it was those who were “snatched away” who faced God’s judgment, whereas the ones “left behind” were the ones who were saved.  The raging flood waters took out those under God’s judgment, whereas Noah and his family were “left behind’ and spared. Jayber Crow’s instincts were actually more right than he thought!

When and if our friends and family members go through period of deconstruction, or if we ourselves start to have serious questions about faith, it is important to slow down and make room for long conversations where we learn to listen more than preach away at someone. Thankfully, it is good to be reminded again that not everyone going through deconstruction goes the full deconversion route Todd Phillips ended up on. For it is important to seek a place of balance where one can ask hard questions, without necessarily finding all of the answers, and by still having a reasonable confidence in the integrity of Christian faith.


A Chapel Institute Conversation on Progressive Christianity (Veracity Video Special !!)

My friend and one of my pastors, Hunter Ruch, sat me down after lunch not too long ago to record two sessions for the Williamsburg Community Chapel Institute. The Chapel Institute is a ministry of the Williamsburg Community Chapel, in my hometown, Williamsburg, Virginia.

During this interview, Hunter and I talk about some very important topics. First, we briefly share about another ministry that he and I are very much excited about, the Cambridge House, at the College of William and Mary. The Cambridge House is a Christian Study Center located within walking distance of the College, where I work. Just a week or so before my interview, another friend and new director of the Cambridge House, Jon Thompson, was interviewed by Hunter about what it means to be human. Read more about the Cambridge House here!

After that, in the first session, we launch into a conversation about what is “progressive Christianity“, how it differs from “historic orthodox Christianity,” and some of the history behind the movement, offering a few examples of what “progressive Christianity” might look like in certain expressions of the church. We talk about how the “progressive Christianity” of the 20th century has morphed into the “progressive Christianity” of the 21st century.

In the second session, we drill down on one particular example of “progressive Christianity,” the idea of “Christian universalism,” which contends everyone will ultimately be saved and reconciled to God in the end, through Jesus. At first, ideas like this look attractive, but it can lead to warped understandings of what the Bible actually teaches. It is very sad and disconcerting when certain evangelical influencers drift off in this direction. We wrap up our conversation talking about ways that we can help others who are wrestling with “progressive Christianity,” and trends like “deconstruction,” and how we can avoid drifting into “progressive Christianity” ourselves.

Just a few comments about what you will see and hear. First, Hunter introduced me as the senior networking “director” of IT at the College, which is not accurate. I am more properly a “senior network engineer,” part of a team of IT staff, though my main responsibility is in the area of architecture and design. Secondly, I got a little lost halfway through the second segment, explaining some of the problems associated with “Christian universalism,” but hopefully I got back on track!! Please let me know what you think in the comment section below.


A History of the Bible: A Progressive Christian View of Scripture… (And Why It Does Not Work)

Shocking truth claims: Did you know that the four Gospels were not based on eye-witness testimony, and that perhaps the Gospel of John was written as late as the second century, and not by the Apostle John? Or that the Apostle Paul had no knowledge of the doctrine of the Trinity? Or that a good chunk of Paul’s letters were never even written by him in the first place?

If you were to pick up a copy of A History of the Bible: The Book and Its Faiths, you might discover shocking claims like this. What might shock you even more is that this popular survey of the Bible was not written by an avowed skeptic of Christianity, like a Bart Ehrman, but rather by John Barton, an Oxford professor emeritus and Anglican priest, serving in the Church of England.

…. another in a series of blog posts on “historical criticism” of the Bible….

Dr. Barton is certainly a well-accomplished scholar, and a very pleasant man through his appearances on YouTube, who has mastered the historical critical tradition of biblical research, which dominates academia today. A History of the Bible has received wide acclaim in the secular press. The Christian Science Monitor describes this volume as “the definitive account of the century,” regarding how we are to understand the Bible. A leading atheist/agnostic Bible scholar, Bart Ehrman, says that the book “gives a superb overview… condensing masses of research into an easily accessible volume for the non-specialist.”

While Dr. Barton is not as well-known on this side of the Atlantic, A History of the Bible is well poised to become a standard exposition for contemporary scholarship rooted in historical criticism, aimed at both believer and non-believer alike. This popular presentation of Barton’s vast research of the Bible over many decades, published by Penguin Books, one of the most reputable book publishers in the world, will surely impress many readers, and in many respects has much to offer. However, one wonders why Dr. Barton continues to describe himself as a Christian believer, and even an Anglican priest, after he dismantles a long history of confidence in the Bible being the very written Word of God.

The COVID-19 pandemic sparked an upsurge of interest in the Bible, and the British Broadcasting Company took notice of this, and decided to broadcast abridged excerpts from Dr. Barton’s book in late 2020. These excerpts were brilliantly read by the Downton Abbey actor, Hugh Bonneville. I can just imagine listening to Lord Grantham speaking from his armchair, from the library in the Downton Abbey estate, with his yellow lab sitting by his side.

In an interview since that broadcast, Barton does not go as far as Bart Ehrman does, in labeling the four Gospels or the “disputed” letters of Paul as outright “forgeries” (many scholars believe that Ephesians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Timothy, 2 Thessalonians, and Titus were not written by Paul), but rather as an Anglican priest he is still able to say that Christians can find these New Testament books “useful” as part of the accepted canon, even if they were not written by the people who claimed to write them.

Really? Why would a Christian find certain writings to be “useful” that had the explicit purpose of deceiving their readers? How can one treat such writings as being authoritative, under that kind of shadow?

Dr. Barton admittedly has some qualms about all of that, but he forges ahead to try to make some kind of defense of the Bible.

Where John Barton’s A History of the Bible is Helpful

First, let us consider some of the benefits provided by Dr. Barton’s book. Just from these abridged readings of A History of the Bible, the reader is intrigued to learn more about how the Old and New Testament texts came together, how these texts have been preserved over the centuries, how Judaism and Christianity eventually parted ways, and the importance of allegory in the history of Bible interpretation. You can find this type of material elsewhere, but one sure benefit of A History of the Bible is that this is all assembled together in one volume.

John Barton rightly corrects the common misunderstanding that the early Christian church had a completed list of what constituted the books of the entire Old Testament portion of the Bible. To the contrary, the definitive listing of the books of the Old Testament was not firmly established in the Western church until the 16th century, when the Roman Catholic Church officially adopted the books of the “Apocrypha” at the Council of Trent, while the Protestant Reformers officially rejected the “Apocrypha,” declaring it to be inappropriate for establishing church doctrine. In other words, books in the “Apocrypha” like 1 and 2 Maccabees, which are unfamiliar to most Protestants today, were actually well-known to Christians for the first 15 centuries of the church, though their canonical status was unclear across Christendom.

Furthermore, the ordering of the books in the Old Testament differs between Jews and Christians, and there is a theological reason for the difference. Christians place the prophets at the end of the Old Testament, which fits in with the overall Scriptural narrative. The story moves from creation to fall to the promised hope of redemption, where the prophets anticipate the coming of the Christ, who will accomplish that redemption. In fact, the Book of Malachi, which ends off the Christian Old Testament, itself ends with a vision for the coming “Day of the Lord,” with the prophet Elijah announcing that time of judgment. It is no mystery that John the Baptist, the herald for Jesus the Redeemer, emerges in the Book of Matthew next, as the “new” Elijah. Furthermore, the figure of Adam is central in the Christian story of the Old Testament, the created human who suffers a terrible fall, where Jesus becomes the “second Adam,” restoring Adam to his original created purpose, according to the New Testament.

Jews, on the other hand, place the two books of Chronicles at the end of their “Old Testament,” their Hebrew Bible, and not the prophets. The last phrase of the last verse in the Chronicles is “Let him go up,” which refers to the promise of the restoration of the land following the Babylonian exile. This is an invitation to the faithful Jew to dwell in the Promised Land. For the Jew, the story of Scripture is more about God establishing the Law with His people, with the promise that if they remain faithful as His people, they will dwell in that land. As for Adam, his presence is largely forgotten after the first few chapters in Genesis, according to Jewish theology. Dr. Barton brings that point out nicely, but I only learned about that difference after being a Christian for about 35 years. Why had it taken so long for me to learn about that?

Plus, Dr. Barton is quite right to say that you can pretty much find whatever you want in the Bible, as the teaching of the Bible has been “shape-shifted” to take upon the concerns of whatever age or culture the reader is in. That really is not a compliment towards readers who use the Bible that way. Simply consider how much effort was made to find out where the COVID-19 virus came from, just by looking at the Bible. Uncomfortable realities like these are sprinkled throughout A History of the Bible. Like taking a cold shower, A History of the Bible will challenge a number of cherished, yet erroneous beliefs.

Where John Barton’s A History of the Bible is NOT Helpful

Unfortunately, Dr. Barton’s liberal bias reveals a persistently bad habit by those who lean too heavily on historical criticism to adjudicate the ultimate interpretation of Scripture, by supposing that a contradiction in Scripture exists, where a reasonably plausible alternative actually makes better sense of the text, within the whole message of Scripture.

Barton makes no attempt to hide his liberal bias. This bias permeates and distorts much of his otherwise helpful prose. For John Barton, the doctrine of the Trinity and the Incarnation fall under the category of adiaphora, or “disputable matters,” from Romans 14:1, which the ESV translation renders as “opinions.” Would any truly historically orthodox Christian find that acceptable? Absolutely not. Nor does any historical creedal document in Barton’s own Anglican Church agree with him. Stretching “disputable matters” to this degree is essentially useless.

Here is another example: In the story of the rich young man who comes up to Jesus, Mark tells us that the man asked Jesus, “Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?” Jesus answers the man with: “Why do you call me good? No one is good except God alone.”  

Dr. Barton suggests that Mark is raising some doubt as to whether or not Jesus is truly divine. Dr. Barton then suggests that Matthew contradicts Mark by correcting Mark by having the young man instead ask, “Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?,” with Jesus responding with, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good.” (Mark 10:17-18; Matthew 19:16-17)

It is an interesting thing to consider why the Gospels differ here. But Jesus’ response to the young man in Mark’s version does not necessarily imply doubt about Jesus’ divinity. Jesus’ question back to the young man most likely means to get the young man to think (as well as should modern readers), and consider the implications of what he is saying. For if only God is good, then Jesus’ question back to the young man is quite relevant to Jesus’ identity. Mark focuses more on Jesus’ identity, whereas Matthew focuses more on ethical action, that flows from one’s relationship with God. Matthew complements Mark, and vice-versa. To read a contradiction between Mark and Matthew here is to read something into the text that need not exist. Because the discipline of historical (or “higher”) criticism sometimes trains even the best of scholars to look for contradictions, it becomes easier to see such contradictions, when a more nuanced, and far more interesting solution is available to the reader.

Dr. Barton does not make sufficient effort to educate his readers that decades of conservative evangelical scholarship have sought to answer a number of these difficulties, with reasonably plausible alternative solutions. For example, fellow British Anglican Bible scholar Ian Paul faults Dr. Barton for making no mention of the research done by Richard Bauckham, in Bauckham’s Jesus and the Eyewitnesses, that makes a cogent case for the Gospels having been based on actual eye-witness testimony. Nor does Dr. Barton engage the argument made, ironically, by a fellow liberal scholar, the late John A.T. Robinson, that many of the books of the New Testament could have easily been written before the year 70 A.D.

When it comes to the common scholarly proposal that many of Paul’s letters were not written by him, Dr. Barton manages to ignore the conservative argument that differences in writing style and vocabulary, tailored to a specific audience, using different secretaries, might sufficiently account for “discrepancies” between the “undisputed” and “disputed” letters of Paul. Nevertheless, Dr. Barton seems okay to live with the “taint of forgery” (p. 186) in such questionable letters, where he can find certain teachings to be persuasive in certain areas, while acknowledging this does take away from the full divine inspiration of these New Testament texts.

This is a bit of an aside, but an important one, nevertheless: Barton’s position regarding what he misleadingly calls the issue of “women’s leadership in the Church” (p. 186), in which his Church of England affirms women serving as elders/presbyters, actually is enhanced by his ambiguous view of Pauline authorship of disputed texts. When it comes to the disputed 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy and Titus, the so-called Pastoral letters, where most arguments take place regarding whether or not women may serve as elders in a local church, Barton is easily dismissive of what is taught here. “The Pastorals have no place in attempting to reconstruct the thought of Paul” (p. 186), but acknowledges this regarding what he calls regretfully the issue of “women’s leadership in the Church“:, where conservatives oppose women serving as elders, and liberals affirm women serving as elders”:... conservative opponents who appeal to Paul tend to rely on 1 Timothy, and more liberal believers reply that this letter is not really by Paul anyway. Along these diverging lines, little meeting of minds is possible” (p. 187).

At least Barton is right about that. The gulf between conservative and progressive Christianity seems to widen with each passing year. It is important to note that evangelical egalitarian arguments in favor of both Pauline authorship of the Pastorals AND the affirmation of women serving as elders do not even register a blip on John Barton’s radar. More on that in a future blog post in this series, or for a more in-depth look, read this earlier Veracity posting reviewing a recent book by historian Beth Allison Barr.

Anyway, here is what Barton says on p. 187, as his way of making a conclusion on the “forgeries” of certain letters associated with Paul:

‘A lot depends on how we define the authority of biblical books. Are Paul’s letters authoritative because they are by Paul? If so, then establishing that one of them is in fact pseudonymous presumably reduces or even annuls its authority. Or are they authoritative because they are in the Bible? If so, the question of who wrote them might be regarded as irrelevant.’

Is this a ringing endorsement of the authority of the Bible? Hardly. Furthermore, Dr. Barton makes the rather odd suggestion that none of the four Gospels were considered to be inspired by God, as initially written, simply because modern scholarship acknowledges that Luke and Matthew most probably used Mark as one of their sources for their own gospels. Nor were the writings of Paul considered to be inspired by God either by his first century readers.

Astonishing.

All of this comes from the pen of a scholar hailed as writing “the definitive” book on the Bible for the 21st century.

Why does Dr. Barton neglect to tell his readers the following?: The Gospel writers and Paul probably were not aware that they were writing “Scripture” when they were composing their work. But this need not preclude others from recognizing the inspired nature of their texts. Paul himself was quite forceful in claiming that his message was received via divine revelation, and not a product of man’s (Galatians 1:11-12). It would have made no sense for his readers to have rejected his occasional letters as inspired, and at the same time come to recognize that Paul’s Gospel verbal preaching came from God.

Furthermore, even when Paul is supposedly “giving his personal opinion” in 1 Corinthians 7:10-16, this most probably means that Paul is making a distinction between (a): Jesus’ teaching, given in Jesus’ earthly ministry, prior to any encounter with Paul, versus (b): teaching that Paul received directly from Jesus, following Jesus’ resurrection and ascension. Both teachings from Paul and “from the Lord” are equally binding authoritative statements. This neglect on the part of Dr. Barton reveals the fundamental flaw behind A History of the Bible: It shortchanges the divine inspiration of the Bible.

Does A Liberal, Historical Critical Approach to Defend the Bible Really Work?

Speculating on “contradictions in the Bible” may make for interesting scholarly discussions, as a more sophisticated response to a wooden, rigid dogmatism. But this does little to inspire people to have confidence in the Bible as God’s Word. Furthermore, the underlying posture towards the Bible adopted by Dr. Barton is nothing new. For example, doubts about the authorship of several of Paul’s letters are derived from the ideas of early 19th century German theologian F. C. Baur, but the whole project of historical criticism goes back to 17th century philosophers, like Baruch Spinoza, or even earlier.

Making ill-conceived judgments about the sincerity of John Barton’s progressive Christianity would be out of place. In other words, Dr. Barton clearly identifies as being a Christian, and there is no compelling need question to that. But one must consider the ramifications of his teachings. Based on the arguments presented in A History of the Bible, it deserves asking why one would want to become a Christian after reading this book.

For if A History of the Bible was my only source for learning about the Bible, I would merely conclude that the Bible is an interesting cultural artifact. An appreciation for the Bible’s influence on Western culture would be gained, but not really a sense that this is a book based on divine revelation. As a specimen for an anthropology class, it would be interesting. But would this really inspire obedience and worship? I am highly skeptical. The best you can probably get is either British historian Tom Holland’s wistful longing for Christianity to be true (even though he believes it is not), or else the BBC’s Melvyn Bragg perspective that Christianity is a “tribal thing” worth preserving, or even Jordan Peterson’s appreciation of Christianity as the mythological glue of Western society. Admirable as these sentiments are, they are nowhere near close to historic, orthodox Christian faith.

Nevertheless, despite weaknesses like these, Barton’s A History of the Bible does something that we do not find enough of in conservative evangelical churches today. Book reviewer Jeremy Marshall puts the situation like this:

“As the Bible fades into the background from the general culture it acquires a power to shock and influence which its previous familiarity has reduced. We might ponder as evangelicals for example on the extraordinary case of Jordan Peterson, who gives 2- to 3-hour talks and draws millions by lecturing mainly on the Bible, without even being a Christian at all…. There is a growing demand to learn about the Bible and what it says to us today from the general public…. Maybe some great biblical scholar can write a book like this, about the Bible from an evangelical perspective, aimed at the general public?“

To answer Marshall’s question, I say, “Here! Here!” If only our churches were to address the topics found in John Barton’s A History of the Bible, from a more historically orthodox perspective, framed within a compelling story, we would not only curb the tendency towards a progressive drift in evangelical churches, we would also unleash the power of the Bible itself to dramatically change the lives of people, who have a hunger to know the God of the Bible better. If we fail to take up that task, then we will find our young people looking to books like Dr. Barton’s, and then wonder why anyone would make any fuss about the supposed revelatory “faith” being promoted in the Bible.

If the church fails to take up that challenge, then we might as well tell folks to read books by agnostic/atheist scholar Bart Ehrman, and avoid the complicated efforts to try to “rescue” Christianity from the jaws of skeptical “historical criticism,” as John Barton tries to do.

Attempts like A History of the Bible to somehow rebuild a more flexible form of the Christian faith from a brittle fundamentalism might convince some people reared in the church, searching for a reason to continue to believe. But for the vast majority of folks for whom the Gospel remains opaque, a staunchly progressive approach to the Bible leaves those readers flat. That type of apologetic simply does not work.

 

…. In our next blog post in this series, there will not be a book review, but we will consider how some of the thinking behind “historical criticism” has shifted from the 20th century, to the 21st century, where the prominent 20th century biblical scholar, Rudolf Bultmann enters the story. Stay tuned for that………. Muslim apologist Paul Williams, at Blogging Theology, interviews Dr. John Barton about his book, A History of the Bible. If you want to get a feel for how a highly intelligent, knowledgeable, progressive Christian employs “historical criticism” when reading the Bible, you might find the following interview educational… but you might find it disturbing as well. There is just enough really good stuff in A History of the Bible, that it can easily overshadow the spiritually damaging elements in it that can sneak up on you, and knock out the legs from underneath your faith:


Does Paul’s Telling of History Contradict Luke’s Story in Acts?

In our next blog post in this series on “historical criticism,” we give another example of how historical critics can sometimes distort the Bible, based on certain methodological assumptions brought to the text. This fairly brief case study concerns how the unfolding of historical events as told in Paul’s letters differs from the story told by Luke in Acts. But it helps to put a finger in Acts and another finger in a letter of Paul’s to track with what is happening. What are we to make of these kind of “disconnects,” as some have put it, that we find in the Bible?

… another in a series of blog posts on “historical criticism” of the Bible…

Paul in prison, by Rembrandt (credit: Wikipedia). Paul wrote some detailed letters, but do they contradict the story that we find in Luke-Acts?

The discrepancy is very minor, but it serves as a useful illustration. Here is a sample of a blog post written by Bart Ehrman, a professor at the University of North Carolina, a former Christian, and probably the most well known New Testament Bible scholar living today. Dr. Ehrman has developed quite a following, particular among those who are skeptical of the Bible as being the Word of God:

In virtually every instance in which the book of Acts can be compared with Paul’s letters in terms of biographical detail, differences emerge. Sometimes these differences involve minor disagreements concerning where Paul was at a certain time and with whom. As one example, the book of Acts states that when Paul went to Athens he left Timothy and Silas behind in Berea (Acts 17:10-15), and did not meet up with them again until after he left Athens and arrived in Corinth (Acts 18:5). In 1 Thessalonians Paul himself narrates the same sequence of events and indicates just as clearly that he was not in Athens alone, but that Timothy was with him (and possibly Silas as well). It was from Athens that he sent Timothy back to Thessalonica in order to see how the church was doing there (1 Thessalonians 3:1-3).

Although this discrepancy concerns a minor detail, it shows something about the historical reliability of Acts. The narrative coincides with what Paul himself indicates about some matters (he did establish the church in Thessalonica and then leave from there to Athens), but it stands at odds with him on some of the specifics.

Just from reading this, it is easy to get the sense that the Bible is contradicting itself. Dr. Ehrman correctly points out the differences in historical detail between 1 Thessalonians and Acts, but he does so with a little twist.  Did Paul really not meet up with Timothy until after Paul left Athens and arrived in Corinth? Is it possible that Timothy left Berea to travel to Athens to meet Paul, before going back to Thessalonica?  …. Mmmm…… Let us look a little closer….

Depending upon how you approach the text, your evaluation of the differences in the text will, of course, differ. If we take the two documents, 1 Thessalonians and Acts as separate articles of literature, and set the divine inspiration of Scripture aside, it is quite easy to conclude that there is a contradiction between Paul and Luke. This more skeptical view is implied by Dr. Ehrman.

On the other hand, if there is a fundamental unity that exists between these texts, a way of harmonizing the details emerges, without having to go into some rather contorted twists and turns. In fact, there really is a better way to make sense of what we read.

At the apologetics website Evidence Unseen, we can examine how 1 Thessalonians and Acts can be reconciled with one another. The discrepancy arises because Luke probably omitted mentioning Timothy’s travels to Athens, before reconnecting with Paul once again in Corinth. Here is a reconstruction of events, that resolves the supposed contradiction elaborated by Dr. Ehrman:

1. Paul goes to Athens (“Now those who escorted Paul brought him as far as Athens” Acts 17:15).

2. Silas and Timothy come to Athens. This is not mentioned in Acts. However, Luke does write that Paul told them “to come to him as soon as possible” (Acts 17:15). Paul writes, “We sent Timothy… to strengthen and encourage you” (not mentioned in Acts; 1 Thess. 3:2).

3. Timothy goes back to Thessalonica to check on them (“we sent Timothy… to strengthen and encourage you as to your faith” 1 Thess. 3:2).

4. Paul leaves Athens and travels to Corinth (Acts 18:1).

5. Silas and Timothy come to Corinth with money from Macedonia (Acts 18:5). They also come to Corinth with good news about the church of Thessalonica (“Timothy has come to us from you” 1 Thess. 3:6).

6. Paul writes 1 and 2 Thessalonians from Corinth. This might be what Luke means by writing, “Paul began devoting himself completely to the word” (Acts 18:5).

This example of a Bible “contradiction” is not too difficult to harmonize. True, there are instances where an attempted harmonization of certain discrepancies are not as easy, and one should be careful not to immediately gravitate towards an ad hoc solution that feels forced.

Bart Ehrman, yyy

Bart Ehrman (Agnostic/atheistic critic of the Bible)

Bart Ehrman has been often quoted as saying that given enough effort, you can pretty much reconcile just about any story to make everything fit, and rule out contradictions. But the opposite is also the case.  If you are bound and determined to find a contradiction in Scripture, then there are plenty of ways to find one, if you work at it. It does not always mean that finding a “contradiction” is the best way to understand the text, within its historical context.

Not all “historical criticism” is bad. It is important to reiterate that. Yet the method someone uses to try to sort out what is (a): a difference that can be reconciled or harmonized, versus (b), a difference that can only be regarded as a contradiction, is absolutely crucial when doing scholarship.

Unfortunately, there are many people, including many Christians, who tend to see only one side of the story, such as the popular description told by Dr. Ehrman, thus neglecting a perfectly reasonable approach that resolves the difficulty, without sounding forced, or otherwise implausible. As Proverbs 18:17 wisely states, “The one who states his case first seems right, until the other comes and examines him” (ESV).

….. In this next blog post in this series, we will examine how some progressive Christians make the same type of methodological assumptions about the Bible, as non-believers like Bart Ehrman does, in an effort to try to “rescue” the Bible from critics and skeptics. Does this type of Christian apologetic really work? Wait for a week for the next blog post and judge for yourself.

 


Where Did “Historical Criticism” of the Bible Come From? (Part Two)

Baruch Spinoza is often thought of as the father of the modern world. But in the 17th century, he was not alone in bringing in ideas that would take advantage of the confusion in post-Reformation Europe, and challenging traditional Christian ideas about the Bible. As we explore how the rise of “historical criticism” developed, we can consider the stories of Isaac La Peyrère and Thomas Hobbes, and how they tie in with Spinoza’s story.

…. This is the third in a series of blog posts examining the “historical criticism” of the Bible. “Part one” of the history behind “historical criticism” can be found here. Now we look at “part two” of the history behind “historical criticism”…..

 

Spinoza’s Intellectual Compatriots: Isaac La Peyrère and Thomas Hobbes

Jeffrey Morrow, author of Three Skeptics and the Bible: La Peyrère, Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Reception of Modern Biblical Criticism, highlights the stories of French philosopher Isaac La Peyrère and English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, who influenced Baruch Spinoza, in promoting skepticism about the Bible.

Isaac La Peyrère, like Spinoza, had a “conversos” background, with Jewish family roots. La Peyrère grew up in France as a Protestant, but felt forced to convert to Roman Catholicism towards the end of his life, once he published some of his views on the Bible. La Peyrère was deeply interested in the question of where the “Indians”, the native Americans in the New World, actually came from, as it was not obvious from the Bible as to where such people originated.

Many thinkers during the colonial era, up through the 19th century, tried to figure out the origins of America’s native peoples. Most famously, Joseph Smith popularized the speculative hypothesis that the Native Americans were the descendants of the “Lost Ten Tribes,” who disappeared after the Assyrians conquered the Northern Kingdom of Israel, as described in the Bible. Smith’s “Book of Mormon” continues to enamor people today, though few 21st century anthropologists find any evidence to support the claims presented in the Book of Mormon. Still, it is a fascinating question.

How did Native Americans get to the Americas in the first place? La Peyrère proposed a solution that he believed was consistent with Scriptural teaching that could explain the origin of Native Americans, in his book Prae-Adamitae. Much of La Peyrère’s thesis fits within an orthodox view of the Bible. However, La Peyrère went onto explore more radical ideas about the Bible that would influence Spinoza, and stimulate all sorts of speculations, primarily that Moses had nothing to do with the writing of the Pentateuch. This is what got La Peyrère into trouble.

La Peyrère had been influenced by the Englishman, Thomas Hobbes, who just a few years prior to Prae-Adamitae published his Leviathan. Hobbes had lived his mid-adult life during the intense conflict of the English Civil War, between Puritans like Oliver Cromwell and Roman Catholic sympathizers like King Charles I. Hobbes argued in Leviathan that a strong centralized government was required to prevent civil war, particularly when the participants in the civil conflict were motivated by contrasting theological perspectives. Thomas Hobbes believed that theological dogmatism should always be tempered by a commitment to reason. This appealed to La Peyrère, who had such a family history, where the nature of one’s theological commitments were suspect. It is easy to see how La Peyrère and Thomas Hobbes therefore became intellectual companions to Baruch Spinoza.

Among conservative evangelical scholars today, the more extreme conclusions about the Bible made by Baruch Spinoza, and his philosophical friends, are largely rejected. However, some insights made by Spinoza, and his followers, have been incorporated into a more nuanced description of how the Bible came together. A number of evangelical Bible scholars today adopt what might be called variations on the “supplementary hypothesis,” which contends that the substantial core of literary material in the Pentateuch can be traced back to Moses, but that later editors of the text made certain changes in order to keep the material “up to date.” Such changes were made over several centuries until the Pentateuch’s placement in the Old Testament canon became fixed, in the manner that we now have it.

For a classic example, noted by Bible scholar Claude Mariottini, Genesis 14:14 makes a reference to the city of “Dan,” in northern Israel, the place where Abram (Abraham) rescued his nephew, Lot. The problem here is that the name for this city, “Dan,” did not exist during this time period, and the son of Jacob named “Dan” had not yet been born. Furthermore, Moses as an author certainly would not have known anything about the city of “Dan,” as he died before crossing the Jordan River, into the Promised Land. The city of “Dan” would only become settled by the descendants of Dan, during the conquest of the Promised Land described in the Book of Joshua. While scholars continue to debate the specifics of a solution, it is generally agreed that probably some later editor changed the original name of this area to “Dan,” which reflected a more recent understanding of the city’s location. In this sense, it could be understood that the text of Genesis was kept “up to date” by a later editor, as place names often changed names somewhat frequently over the centuries, as people moved around due to displacement by wars, etc.

One central idea behind historical criticism, articulated so controversially by Baruch Spinoza, is that we should analyze the Bible just like we would analyze any other ancient book. There is a sense in which Spinoza’s approach is to be welcomed, but yet there is another sense in which this approach falls flat. Like many of the great ancient books, the Bible is truly a great work of human literature, and historical criticism has done much to enhance our appreciation and understanding of the historical context of the Bible as literature. However, most ancient books lack a claim to being divine revelation, whereas the uniqueness of the Bible is founded upon the idea that it is the inspired Word of God. The tendency among certain advocates of historical criticism to divorce the human, literary aspects of the Scriptural text from the claim of divine inspiration is a bad habit of mind, that has had far reaching consequences over the recent centuries.

Historical Criticism: A Tool for Deconstruction … Or Reconstruction, for Christian Faith?

A much repeated story these days is that for some, who grow up in a Christian community, the personal discovery of the “historical criticism” of the Bible leads to a deconstruction of Christian faith. Walter Lippmann, a 20th century journalist and political theorist, famously stated that it is the “acids of modernity” that corrode traditional faith. For some this corrosion results in a form of “progressive Christianity” that hangs onto Christian faith, but only by a slim thread of substance. For others, it leads to agnosticism, if not outright atheism. But is such corrosion the only trajectory of such deconstruction? Or can it instead lead to a type of reconstruction of faith, placed on better footing?

Steven Nadler, a professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, in his A Book Forged in Hell, that was partially reviewed in a previous blog post, makes much of Spinoza’s intention to find a more “scientific” approach to the Bible, that supersedes the theological wrangling of different dogmatic commitments to the Bible. In 17th century Europe, where theological disputes often boiled over into heated political disputes, that even led to violence, Spinoza argued that a more rational approach to the Bible, based on “scientific” principles, would lead to peace between those who held different views of the Bible.

Spinoza despised superstition, assigned both traditional Judaism and Christianity into that category, and ironically argued that a belief in miracles was actually counter to the true knowledge of God. For Spinoza, the value of Scripture comes from its ability to move people to treat others with justice and charity, as would any other piece of great literature. It is in this sense, and only in this sense, of the Bible as a source for encouraging good moral behavior, that Spinoza would ascribe the notion of “divine” to the Bible. Spinoza’s views, radical for the 17th century, have become the assumed foundation for a secular worldview, in the 21st century, where science is often viewed as the only reliable, objective means for human thought and ethics.

The problem with this narrative is that it assumes that pure objectivity, when it comes to historical criticism, is rationally attainable. Professional historians are quick to say they deal more in the realm of historical probabilities, rather than historical certainties. Though a noble aim, the quest for certainty, in using the scientific tools of historical criticism, even for interpreting the Bible, does not result in the type of certainty that many would like.

Furthermore, the claim of the Bible itself, is not that it is a collection of morally inspiring thoughts derived from merely human authors. Rather, the Bible itself claims to be the inspired Word of God, surely written by humans, but not merely human, being divinely originated as well.  However, if one follows the path of Spinoza that Steven Nadler admiringly portrays, that inherently corrosive terminus of deconstruction is all but guaranteed. Like pulling on the loose threads of a sweater, as one’s faith begins to unravel, some might try to salvage some of those loose threads, whereas others will simply toss the whole mess of sweater remains in the garbage. Is there yet not another path?

Towards the Reconstruction of Christian Faith

Jeffrey Morrow, the author of Three Skeptics and the Bible, was raised culturally Jewish, then became a Protestant evangelical, and then ultimately entered the Roman Catholic Church, and who is now a theologian at Seton Hall University. In Three Skeptics and the Bible, Morrow challenges the narrative that true objectivity, when it comes to historical criticism, is possible. Contemporary historical criticism rightly has explored the reception history of the Bible, as the message of the Bible has been received by different communities across the ages in very different ways. Nevertheless, Morrow argues that the discipline of historical criticism itself has had its own reception history, particularly since its genesis in the thought of Baruch Spinoza and his 17th century philosophical friends.

Morrow’s thesis is that the original development of historical criticism, pioneered by Spinoza, is rooted in the historical context of the 17th century, political church-state debate. The questions that Spinoza faced when reading the Bible were not new to him. People had been wrestling with such questions for centuries. What was new with Spinoza was his desire to take the control of Biblical interpretation out of the hands of spiritual authorities and place it in the hands of the political authorities of the state. In Spinoza’s historical context of living in the pluralism of 17th century Dutch society, this meant that every spiritual authority, whether it be Jewish, Protestant or Roman Catholic, would come under the secular authority of the state.

Did Baruch Spinoza really understand the drawn-out consequences of his own thesis? One specific critique of historical criticism, in its most skeptical form, is that in the effort to read the Bible like any piece of ancient literature, the tendency to set aside the claim that God had a hand in authoring the Bible, robs the text of its underlying unity. We all know that the Bible was written by dozens of authors, across many centuries, in many different specific historical and literary contexts. But what keeps the Bible together as a whole is buttressed by the claim that God is ultimately the divine author throughout, working through the human authors, in order to give us a coherent, unified text. Without that sense of an underlying unity, the tendency among some scholars is to divide the Scriptures into multiple, disparate parts, thus cutting away the coherency of the text, that has been maintained by Jewish and Christian readers for centuries.

Furthermore, this Scriptural text was meant to be read, studied, prayed through, and sung in community. The Bible was not meant to be merely a book. Rather, it was meant to be an invitation to experience the deep mysteries of life, within the context of corporate worship. Spinoza, prompted by La Peyrère and Hobbes, turned the Bible into a mere book, to be dissected.

This does not mean we should simply gloss over the diversity in the Scriptural text as being inconsequential. For example, why is it that certain parts of the Pentateuch exclusively use the name “Yahweh” (singular) for God, while other parts only use the name “Elohim” (plural) for God? Does the Old Testament embrace some concept of a “divine council”? Some Christians unfortunately take a Wizard of Oz, “pay no attention to the man behind the curtain” approach to such questions. Instead the tools provided by historical criticism can help us to make better sense of what the text is trying to tell us. The probing challenges offered by Baruch Spinoza and his followers, properly framed, without going to extremes, can actually help us.

As a Roman Catholic, Jeffrey Morrow comes down on the Protestant Reformers, contending that the trend away from more allegorical readings of the Bible, and a concern for a more literal approach to Scripture, inevitably led to the skepticism of La Peyrère, Hobbes, and Spinoza. This critique is difficult for a Protestant evangelical like me to hear, but it is still worth hearing. Morrow values the sacramental aspect of interacting with the Bible, something that many of my fellow Protestants tend to be weaker on than our Roman Catholic friends.

The main lesson offered by Morrow in his Three Skeptics and the Bible is that while historical criticism, properly understood, can indeed inform our understanding of the Bible, it nevertheless can not completely supersede the bias of the scholar. When we only look to scholars for the answers to our theological questions, divorced from a local Christian community, it can easily distort our vision of faith. Therefore, if left unchecked, such biases can lead to certain habits of mind that can cloud our understanding of the Bible, as it was meant to be understood by God. Instead, Christians need to be a part of a healthy local church, where people can wrestle with their questions about the Bible, in an atmosphere of worship, love, support, and understanding.

Historical criticism of the Bible has certain benefits, but it also has certain limitations. If we begin our study of the Bible with a certain radical skepticism of thought, that sets off any claim to divine inspiration to the side, then it is very difficult to get back to a genuinely historically orthodox perspective of the Christian faith. It often leads to a deconstruction of Christian faith. On the other hand, if we approach the text of Scripture with more of a trust in God’s ability to communicate through Scripture, and instead apply skepticism towards our own ability to understand the text, then it is more likely that this will lead to a reconstruction of faith, gaining a greater sense of confidence that God is truly speaking to us, through His Word in Scripture.

In our next blog post in this series, coming out in a week or so, we will look at a short case study (shorter than this current blog post), examining how the assumptions brought to the Scriptural text will make a difference when applying historical criticism. Stay tuned.